C# Pattern Matching

public static double ComputeArea(object shape)
{
    if (shape is Square)
    {
        var s = (Square)shape;
        return s.Side * s.Side;
    }
    else if (shape is Circle)
    {
        var c = (Circle)shape;
        return c.Radius * c.Radius * Math.PI;
    }
    // elided
    throw new ArgumentException(
        message: "shape is not a recognized shape",
        paramName: nameof(shape));
}

public static double ComputeAreaModernIs(object shape)
{
    if (shape is Square s)
        return s.Side * s.Side;
    else if (shape is Circle c)
        return c.Radius * c.Radius * Math.PI;
    else if (shape is Rectangle r)
        return r.Height * r.Length;
    // elided
    throw new ArgumentException(
        message: "shape is not a recognized shape",
        paramName: nameof(shape));
}

public static double ComputeAreaModernSwitch(object shape)
{
    switch (shape)
    {
        case Square s:
            return s.Side * s.Side;
        case Circle c:
            return c.Radius * c.Radius * Math.PI;
        case Rectangle r:
            return r.Height * r.Length;
        default:
            throw new ArgumentException(
                message: "shape is not a recognized shape",
                paramName: nameof(shape));
    }
}

public static double ComputeArea_Version3(object shape)
{
    switch (shape)
    {
        case Square s when s.Side == 0:
        case Circle c when c.Radius == 0:
            return 0;

        case Square s:
            return s.Side * s.Side;
        case Circle c:
            return c.Radius * c.Radius * Math.PI;
        case Triangle t when t.Base == 0 || t.Height == 0:
            return 0;
        case null:
            throw new ArgumentNullException(paramName: nameof(shape), message: "Shape must not be null");
        default:
            throw new ArgumentException(
                message: "shape is not a recognized shape",
                paramName: nameof(shape));
    }
}

static object CreateShape(string shapeDescription)
{
    switch (shapeDescription)
    {
        case "circle":
            return new Circle(2);

        case "square":
            return new Square(4);

        case "large-circle":
            return new Circle(12);

        case var o when (o?.Trim().Length ?? 0) == 0:
            // white space
            return null;
        default:
            return "invalid shape description";
    }
}